Arrangement for testing the inner work absorbed by materials



Mmh 14, 1939. G. KEINATH 12,150,377 ARRANGEMENT FOR'TESTING THE INNER'WORK ABSORBE'D BY MATERIALS Filed oct. 23,1955 2 sheets-sneer 1 60 5 pvase regu/afar open/n y )971058 ,March 14, 1939.. Q KEMA-[H l2,150,377'

ARRANGEMENT FOR TESTING THE INNER WORK ABSORBED BY MATERIALS atente'rl. ar. i4, 1939 i,

rrso STATES 2,150,377 'ABRANGEMENT FOB TESTING THE INNER WORK ABSORBEDBY MATERIALS :l

Georg Keinath, Berlin-Charlottenburg, Germany,y

assignor to Siemens & Halske, Aktiengesellschaft Sit, near Berlin, Germany, a corporation of Germany 1 Application October 23, 1935, ,Serial N0. 476,274 In Germany October 26, 1934' 9 claims., (ci. ees-13) My invention relates to an arrangement for testing the inner work absorbed by materials. In explanation of the term inner work, I desire to state that a perfectly or ideally elastic body could be subjectedto deformations without any energy being lost by internal friction within said body. Such an ideally elastic body does not exist, however, and all substances available to us neverV attain perfect elasticity, so that when they are subjected to deformation, a certain portion of the energy employed for .the deformation, even though this portion may be small in many cases, is always used up or destroyed by internal friction within the body undergoing such deformation. The internal 4friction occurring under such circumstances is what I mean by the term inner work.

It is well known in the artI to carry out fatigue tests for testing materials, 'during which the material is subjected to a varying load up to the point of rupture. The tests of the above charg acter are very complicated, since such continufor measuring this loss angle.

ous run testshave to be carried out in most Y cases with a gradually increasing load, until thev limit of the continuous loadhas iinally been determined, at which the rupture of the test piecevoccurs. In order to do away with such time absorbing tests attempts have been made to thoroughly examine the behavior of the test piece when subjected to a rapidly varying continuous load. In this case; it has been found that between a force acting periodically at the end of a test rod and the deformation of the rod, coincidence of phase is at iirst present at a cross-section of the rod chosen at will, so long as the .defamation remains completely within the elastical range of the material and that, however, a phase displacement occurs as soon as the limit of elasticity is attained. This phase displacement may be considered, as in the case ing system 4or which are in themselves phasesensitive measuring instruments. In particular, all such electrical systems may be employed which in electrical engineering serve to measure the loss angle.

In the accompanying drawings an embodiment 5 of my invention for torsional oscillations is shown in diagrammatic form.

Fig. 1` shows the measuring device, with parts in longitudinal section, the device being provided with magnetic'fdrive oscillations;

Fig. 2 is an end view of the device of Fig. 1 viewed inthe direction of the arrow shown in l Fig. 1,the above-mentioned drive means being removed, and Figs. 3B, 3b and 3c represent diagrams showing diiierent phase relations between the control current and the observation current. Fig. 3d shows a similar vdiagram of explanatory nature.

- Figs. 4, 5 and 6 illustrate three different modi- 20 fications of the measuring device shown in Fig. 1.. Referring to Fig. 1, I vdenotes the test rod, of which one end 2 is securely clamped. On the free endl 3 a double-pole armature 4 is secured which is arranged in a double-pole magnetic 25 system 5 with a coil 6. The armature 4 serves at the same time to carry a steel tube 8 enclos- -ing a portion of the test rod, a coil 9 being secured to the free end of the steel tube 8. 11mmediately above the coil 9 a magnet II is rmly 30 fixed on the rod I, for instance, with-the aid of a clamping ring I0. The coil is designed in such a manner that the amplitude of the voltage produced` by the magnet II is proportional to the relative amplitude ofoscillation between 35 the coil 9 and the magnet II. The circuit of 'the coil is connected with a direct-current measuring or indicating instrument I3I through a separately excited synchronous switch I2 which may be of any'suitable form, for example, a 40 vibratory rectifier. Rectiers of this type are known in the art. 'For instance the U. S. Patent No. 2,011,384, to Wilhelm Thal shows such an instrumentality. In this patent the coils 39 are .the equivalents of coil I4 in the'present case, 45

means :for producing the 10 but other forms may serve as well. The exciting winding 'I4 of the rectifier I2 is connected to the secondary side of a phase advancer or phase regulator I5 whose primary side is connected to the winding 6. Such phase regulator may be of any customary or approved construction, and is desirable in this case for reasons which will appear from the following.

For setting up oscillations in the rod any wellknown device may `be used which engages the free end 3 of the rod. In the embodiment shown in Fig. 1, the hub-shaped body 4 of the armature 4is provided with a second magnetic armature 40 cooperating with a stationary magnet system 50 whose energizing coils 60 are connected with an alternating current source 10. The energization of the magnet system 60 causes the amature 5D and the end 3 of the test rod I to oscillate in synchronism with the alternating cur- `rent of source 10.

If the amplitude of oscillation of `the test rod is at first made so small that the deformation of the test rod remains below the critical stress. then all cross-sections of the rod oscillate vat first in phase with one another. In this manner, an alternating current is produced in the coil 6 and controls the rectifier I2 through the exciting winding I4.- By the relative movement between magnet II and coil 9, an alternating current is generated in this coil, which is supplied to the rectifier I2 and measuring instrument I3. If the phase regulator aforementioned is adjusted at small rod oscillation amplitudes, at which the deformation of the rod remains safely below the critical stress aforementioned, until the readings at instrument I3 are zero, a condition is brought about in the system which is illustrated in the diagram Fig. 3B. In this diagram the observed alternating -current generated in coil 9 may be in its positive period shown in a full line. Through the phase adjuster I5, the phase of the current flowing in control coil I4 is very exactly adjusted so that during this positive period of the observed current the vibrator tongue of the rectifier is ofi' its contact andthe rectifier is in its 'open phase, shown in dotted line in Fig. 3B, and as a result the indiiating'instrument does not receive any positive current to which it otherwise would react. When .thereupon the control current phase in coil I4.

changes to the phase in which the tongue closes the vibrator contact, the alternating current generated in coil 9 will be at that time in its negative period to which the direct current indicating instrument does not react. Thus by this initial phase adjuster setting which remains the same throughout the entire test period, the control and observation currents are brought into exactly opposite phase relation. 'I'liis zero indication of the measuring instrument remains, even at increased oscillation amplitude of rod I, so long as the deformation occasioned by it remains below the critical stress.

Let us now assume a considerable increase in the oscillation amplitude of test rod I to a point beyond the critical stress, and due to which the oscillations of the rod, at the point where armature II is attached, lag in phase behind the forced oscillations applied to it at the end where amature 4 is attached. In such a case, also the alternating current generated in coil 9 will correspondingly lag in phase behind the control current flowing in control coil I4. Assuming, for instance, a lag of we would have a phase relation between the control current and the observed current as shown in Fig. 3b. Therethe last half of the positive observation current period flows during the closing phase of the vibrator which is indicated by the shaded portion. Ihis now occurs at every positive period and instrument I3 reacts to this current and gives an indication of corresponding magnitude. Thus the4 greater the stress of the rod beyond the critical point, the greater the phase difference between the control current and the observed current will be until the maximum is attained at which the closing phase of the control current is entirely in phase with the positive period of the observation current and instrument I3 will give its maximum indication. This condition is shown in Fig. 3c, in which the full and the dotted lines coincide, and in which the shaded portion shows the reaction of the entire observed current upon the measuring instrument.

The vdiagram of Fig. 3d refers to the operation of the same arrangement, in case a measuring instrument I3 is employed to which the positive as well as the negative phase oi a current may be supplied. The distance a designates a closing period of the synchronous switch I2. As long as no phase displacement occurs between the voltage of coil 6 which effects the energization of coil I4 and the voltage induced in coil 9 which ows through the synchronous switch I2, equal portions of the half waves represented by the hatched areas in Fig. 3d will be supplied to the instrument I3 so that its pointer remains in zero position. As soon as a phase displacement occurs, the period a' is shifted with respect to the period of the voltage, so that now, for instance, a' in Fig. 3d represents another phase position of the closing period. It will be seen from Fig. 3d that any phase displacement must result in defiecting the indicating instrument I3 in one or the other direction, because the opposite half-wave portions supplied to the instrument become different. Consequently, the phase displacement between the two cross-sections to be compared with one another may be directly read off from the deflection of the instrument I3. In this case it should be borne in mind that the deflection is not only dependent upon the phase displacement, but also upon the voltage, which in turn, however, depends upon the frequency and the amplitude. The influence of the frequency need not, consequently, beconsidered when calibrating, if always the same frequency is employed.

The effect of the amplitude on the result of the test may be either subsequently corrected or compensated for from the very beginning. As to the subsequent correction only the relation between amplitude and voltage in the coil l need be determined. From this a correction factor may be readily determined for every amplitude and the true measurement value may be read oil? from the correction table, as soon as the magnitude o f the amplitude is known. How--l ever, the effect of the amplitude may also be compensated for differentially; for instance, instead of a simple instrument of the moving coil type, a cross coil instrument may be employed, the second coil of which supplies the directing force. If this second coil isfed with a Ivoltage which varies in proportion.' to the amplitude,

then the deflection of the measuring instrument directly indicates the phase angle. A voltage proportional to the amplitude may be, under certain circumstances, taken from the' exciting wmding -6 ii the'relations between the exciting voltage and the amplitude of oscillationfor the materials to be tested are known.

An embodiment showing the above-mentioned modiications is illustrated in Fig. 4. lIn this' gure the elements 8, Il, Il, ll'and 9 are identical with the similarly designated elements of Fig. 1, and it 1S to be undertgod thatthe coils B and 9 in Fig. 4 form part of the same torsional -testing arrangement as shown in Fig. 1 and thus are energized in correspondence with the behavior of the specimen to be tested. Instead of the moving coil recorder I3 shown in Fig. 1, the

- embodiment of Fig.' 4-is provided with a cross coil instrument I6 having a measuring coil I1- and a directing coil I8 mounted on each other so as to fcrm 'a unit which is rotatable in the field of a magnet (not illustrated). Measuring coil I1 is connected in the circuit' of coil 9, while the directing coil I8 lies in a circuit which branches oi from the leads connecting the phase regulator with coil 6, a rectifier I9 being interposed between these leads and coil I8. The directing coil, therefore, is fed by a voltage -which varies proportional to the amplitude oi the os- Since at the same ing to the relative amplitude at coil 9, the resultant deilection of instrument I6 corresponds to the phase angle to be determined.

The above-mentioned embodiments some of the numerous possible forms for 'carrying out the invention. In the majority oi cases,

it is desirable to observe or determine not onlyv the phase displacement, but also the values of the amplitudes of the torsional oscillations vcor-' responding to the several phase displacements. In such cases, I may either arrange a second measuring instrument which is fed by a voltage corresponding to the amplitudes oi the tor,-` sional oscillations or I may employ -a recorder.

l in which the corresponding values ofthe phase angle and of the amplitude of oscillations are recorded close to one another on the same vtime ordinates. Under certain circumstances, it may be more convenient to use a recording in which the amplitude oi the torsional oscillationsand the phase angle are brought directly into relation with one another, for instance by causing the recording pen of a standard recorder to be shifted in accordance with the phase angle, while the record sheet has a movement corresponding to the variation ofthe amplitude of the torsional oscillations. Some embodiments illustrating the foregoing modifications are described in the following:

Inv thejarrangement of Fig.A 4, a second measuring instrument 2| of the moving coil type is connected with'coil 6. The deiiections of the moving coil 20 of this instrument indicate the Y amplitudes of oscillation of the test rod.

vIn the arrangement shown in Fig. 5, the phase' angle and the amplitude of oscillation are recorded in direct relation to each other by causing a lpen, for recording the phase angle, to cooperate with a record sheet moving in dependence upon the torsional amplitude". The coils 6 and 9 shown in Fig. 5 are again to be understood as forming part of the torsional testing appa.- ratus illustratedA in Fig. l, and the recording instrument I6 of Fig. 5 having crossed coils I'I and I8 resembles that of Fig. 4, except that the record sheet 28 is not moved uniformly, as usual, by a clock-work or the like, but is actuated by a moving coil system 22, the moving coil 23 of A amplitude.

which is disposed between magnet poles N and S and connected with the circuit oi coil 8 so as to lie in parallel with the directing coil I8 -of recorder I6. Coil v23, therefore, is moved in proportion to the torsional amplitude. By means of a mechanical connection, represented in Fig. 5 by a dot and dash line 24; and through cog wheels 25, 2B and 21, the record sheet. 28 of recorder I6'is driven so as to move in proportion to the amplitude of coil 23. In this manner a diagram isrecordedon sheet 28 which shows the phase angle in dependence upon the torsional 'I'he invention may also be carried out with arrangements similar to the foregoing, in which,

however, the coil.) is arrangedstationarily.

In this way, the construction ofthe device or arrangement is considerably simpliiled 'and all Velectrical wiresmay also be stationary. An embodiment of this kind is illustrated in Fig. 6.

The `arrangement largely resembles that of Fig. '1, the tube of Fig. 1 being omitted and the coil 9 being replaced by a stationary coil 9. On proper adjustment` of the electrical members, the arrangement obtains the same results as that of Fig. '1.-

'Ihe members I and Il which are secured to the test piece I at a distance from veach other, are preferably permanent magnets which by their movements relatively .tothe respective coils 6 and 2 produce currents utilized in the manner described above.

,'I-claim as my invention:

l. In an'apparatus oi the class described, two devices located at a distance from each other and each comprising two relatively movable .members lone of which is adapted'to be secured 'to 'a test piece. saidl devices containing coils -in which currents are produced by the Irelative movement'oi the two members of the same device, a rectifier' and adirect-current measuring instrument and connections for operating them through the medium of the current produced in one of said devices, rechner-controlling means, and a phase-regulator having connections for energizing --it by the currentproduced in the other of said devices and also\having ,connections to actuate said rectier-controlling means.

2. In an apparatus for measuring the` mechanical energy loss in materials by submitting the test piece to oscillations, in combinations, two electromagnetic devices spaced apartv in direction oi the oscillation axis, each of said devices comprising two members movable with respect to each othenone of which is adapted to be secured to thetest piece and coils for producing alternating currents by the relative movements of the two members of the same device,"

a mechanical, separately controlled rectier having a switch andmagnetic means for actuating said switch, and a direct current measuring in-I strument connected with said switch and one of said devices tobe actuated by the current of said device in accordance with the operations of saidswitch, said magnetic means being electrically connected with said other device for actuating said switch insynchronism with the current of said other device.

3. In an apparatus for measuring the mechanical'energy loss in materials by submitting the test piece to oscillations, in combination, two

electromagnetic devices spaced apartin direction of the oscillationl axis, eachofL said devices comprising two members movable .with respect to each other, one of which is adapted to be sejso cured to the test piece and coils for producing alternating currents by the relative movements of the two members of the same device. a separately controlled rectiiier electrically connected' to each other, one oi said two members consisting of a permanent magnet designed for being secured to the test piece, the other o! said two members containing an electric coil for producing alternating currents by the movement of the pertaining permanent magnet with respect tol said coil, a vibratory, separately controlled rectiiler electrically connected with the coil of one of said devices, a direct current instrument connected with said rectifier, apdmeans for controlling said rectiiler, said means being electrically connected with the coil of said other device for controlling said rectifier in synchronism with the current produced in the coilof said other device.

l 5. In lan apparatus of the class described, in combination means for subjecting an elongated specimen of the material to be tested to oscillations,4 an electromagnetic device arranged near the end of the testing length of said specimen and comprising two members movable relatively to each other and a coil for producing alternating currents by the relativemovement of said two members, one of said members being stationary and the other being designed to be secured to said specimen, a rigid carrier designed to be secured to said device, a second electromagneticl device arranged at an intermediate point of said testing length and comprising twomembers movable relatively to each other and a coil for producing alternating currents bythe relative movement of said latter two members, one of said latter members being secured to said carrier, the other of said latter members being designed to be secured to said specimen. a separately con- ,trolled rectiiierelectrically connected with the coil of one of said devices, Aa direct current instrument connected with said rectifier, and means for controlling said rectifier, said control means being connected with the coil oi' said other device.

6. In an apparatus of the class described, in combination means for subjecting an elongated specimen of the material to be tested to oscillations, two electromagnetic devices spaced apart longitudinally with respect to said specimen, each Vo! said devices having a stationary'meinber, a

other of said devices and also having connections to actuate said rectiiier-controlling means.

7. In an apparatus of the class described, in combination means for subjecting an elongated specimen of the material to be tested to oscillations, two devices located at a ,distance from each other and each comprising two relatively movable members one of which is adapted to be secured to a test piece, said devices containing coils inv which currents are produced by the relative movement of the two members of the same device, a controllable rectiericonnected with one of said devices, a cross coil instrument having one of its coils connected with said rectier and its second coil connected with said other device, means connected with said other device for controlling said rectifier in synchronism with the currents produced in said other device,and phase-adiusting means disposed between said rectiiler control means and said other device.

8. In an apparatus'of the class described, in combination means for subjecting an elongated specimen of the vmaterial to be tested to oscillations, two electromagnetic devices spaced apart in direction of the oscillation axis, each of said devices comprising two members movable with respect to each other, one oi which is adapted to be secured to the test piece and coils for produdng alternating currents by the relative movements ot the two members oi lthe same device, the ilrst of said deviceab'eing arranged near the end of the testing length of said specimen, said second device being arranged at an intermediate point of said testing length, a separately controlled rectier electrically connected with said second device, a direct current instrument connected with said rectiiier for indicating the angular phase difference oi said specimen occurring between said two devices, means i'or controlling said rectiiier, esaid means being electrically connected with said ilrst device for controlling said rectiiier in synchronism with the current of said other device, and means connected combination means for subjecting an elongated Vspecimen of the material to be tested to oscillations, two devices located at a distance from each other and each comprising two relatively movable members one oi' which is adapted to be secured to a test piece, said-devices containing coils in which currents are produced by the relative movement of the two members of the same device, a controllable rectifier connected with one of said'devices, a recording cross coil instrument having one of its coils connected with said rectiilerand its second coil connected with said other' device, said instrument having a recording pen to be actuated by said crossed coils oi' said instrument and a mechanism for transporting a record s heet, means connected with said other device for controlling said rectifier lin synchronism withthe currents produced in 

